Digital Accessibility in Algeria: Why Government Websites Fail Screen Readers and What the Law Should Say

The Invisible Exclusion

Algeria’s 1998 census recorded approximately 1.6 million persons with disabilities, a figure that was subsequently estimated at around 2 million. No comprehensive updated disability-specific data has been widely published since, creating a significant data gap. Meanwhile, the World Health Organization’s 2023 Global Report on Health Equity for Persons with Disabilities estimates that 16% of the global population — roughly 1.3 billion people — experiences significant disability. Applied to Algeria’s current population of approximately 48 million, this methodology would suggest a figure closer to 7.7 million. The discrepancy between Algeria’s official count and the WHO projection reflects both undercounting driven by narrow survey definitions and the social stigma that discourages disability disclosure. Whatever the precise number, it represents a substantial portion of the population that is systematically excluded from digital services.

Try navigating a major Algerian government website using only a keyboard and a screen reader. The experience is functionally impossible. The Ministry of Interior’s website, the ANEM (employment agency) portal, the CNAS (social security) platform with its El Hanaa online service, the university enrollment systems — none of these services are designed with accessibility in mind. Images lack alternative text descriptions. Form fields are unlabeled. Navigation menus are inaccessible to keyboard users. Color contrast ratios fail minimum standards. Interactive elements lack focus indicators. For a visually impaired citizen trying to check their social security status or apply for a government service online, these are not minor inconveniences — they are complete barriers.

The situation extends beyond government. Algerian private sector websites and mobile applications are equally inaccessible. Banking apps, e-commerce platforms, news websites, and utility payment portals are built without accessibility considerations. The default development practice in Algeria — as in many countries — treats accessibility as an afterthought or a luxury, not a fundamental requirement. The result is a digital environment that effectively excludes millions of citizens from full participation in an increasingly digital society.

What the Law Currently Says (and Doesn’t)

Algeria’s disability rights framework is anchored in Law 02-09 of May 8, 2002, relating to the protection and promotion of persons with disabilities — the country’s first dedicated disability law since independence. This law establishes rights to education, employment, healthcare, and access to public spaces and services for people with disabilities. Articles 29 and 30 address accessibility of public buildings and infrastructure, with Article 30 specifically targeting the removal of barriers that hinder daily life for persons with disabilities. However, the law was enacted before digital services were a primary channel for government-citizen interaction, and it contains no specific provisions for digital accessibility.

The question is whether “access to public services” — as guaranteed by Law 02-09 — implicitly includes digital access when services are delivered digitally. If a government ministry moves a service online (as many have), does the existing legal obligation to make services accessible to people with disabilities extend to the digital version? A progressive legal interpretation would say yes, but this interpretation has never been tested in Algerian courts, and no implementing regulation specifies digital accessibility standards.

Algeria ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) on December 12, 2009. Article 9 of the CRPD explicitly requires states parties to ensure access to information and communications technologies, including the internet. Article 9(2)(g) specifically calls on states to promote the design, development, production, and distribution of accessible ICT at an early stage, so that these technologies become accessible at minimum cost. Algeria’s compliance with this obligation is essentially zero in the digital domain. No government agency has been tasked with monitoring or enforcing digital accessibility, no standards have been adopted, and no accessibility audits of public digital services have been conducted. The UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities reviewed Algeria’s initial report in August 2018, highlighting gaps in implementation — but digital accessibility has received no meaningful regulatory attention since.

Understanding WCAG and What Compliance Means

The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), published by the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), are the global standard for digital accessibility. WCAG 2.1 remains the most widely referenced version in legislation globally, though WCAG 2.2 — published as a W3C Recommendation on October 5, 2023 — is increasingly becoming the new baseline. The UK, for instance, has already updated its Public Sector Bodies Accessibility Regulations to reference WCAG 2.2. Both versions are organized around four principles: Perceivable (content must be presentable in ways all users can perceive), Operable (interface components must be navigable by all users), Understandable (content and navigation must be comprehensible), and Robust (content must work with current and future assistive technologies).

In practical terms, WCAG Level AA compliance — the standard mandated by most accessibility laws globally — requires specific technical implementations. All images must have descriptive alt text. All form inputs must have associated labels. Color contrast between text and background must meet minimum ratios (4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text defined as 18pt or larger, or 14pt bold or larger). All functionality must be operable via keyboard alone (no mouse required). Video content must have captions. Error messages must clearly identify and describe the error. Page structure must use proper semantic HTML (headings, landmarks, lists) that screen readers can parse.

These are not exotic requirements. They are well-documented, well-tooled, and well-understood in the web development community. Automated testing tools like axe, WAVE, and Lighthouse can identify many WCAG violations instantly. The challenge is not technical knowledge — it is institutional will and regulatory mandate. WebAIM’s 2025 analysis of the top one million websites found that 94.8% had detectable WCAG failures, with an average of 51 errors per page, demonstrating that even in countries with accessibility laws, compliance remains a challenge. But countries with active enforcement mechanisms — the US (where over 4,000 ADA website accessibility lawsuits were filed in 2024 alone), the EU (where the European Accessibility Act came into full enforcement in June 2025), the UK (Public Sector Bodies Accessibility Regulations since 2018) — see measurably better compliance rates than those without.

A Practical Path to Digital Inclusion

Algeria does not need to solve every accessibility challenge simultaneously. A phased approach, starting with government services and expanding to the private sector, is both practical and impactful. Phase one should mandate WCAG 2.2 Level AA compliance for all new government digital services. Any new website, portal, or mobile application launched by a government entity must meet accessibility standards before deployment. This is the lowest-cost intervention because integrating accessibility during the design phase adds only an estimated 1-3% to total development costs, far less than the expense of retrofitting existing services.

Phase two should address existing government digital services on a priority basis. Services with the highest citizen interaction volume — CNAS social security, ANEM employment, university enrollment, civil registry, tax services — should be required to achieve WCAG 2.2 AA compliance within 24 months. This requires accessibility audits (which can be partially automated), remediation plans, and testing with actual assistive technology users. The cost of retrofitting is higher than building accessibility in from the start, but it is manageable and well-documented across comparable projects internationally.

Phase three should extend requirements to private sector entities providing essential services — banks, telecoms, utilities, and e-commerce platforms above a revenue threshold. The EU European Accessibility Act model, which came into force in June 2025 and focuses on products and services sold commercially rather than all websites, is a proportionate approach that concentrates obligations where impact is greatest.

Institutionally, Algeria needs a designated accessibility authority — either a new body or a mandate added to an existing agency like ARPCE (the Regulatory Authority of Post and Electronic Communications, which already oversees digital communications standards) — responsible for publishing Algerian accessibility standards (adapting WCAG for Arabic/Amazigh bilingual contexts), conducting compliance audits, and handling complaints. Training programs for web developers, integrated into university curricula and professional development, would build the technical capacity to meet accessibility requirements. The Ecole nationale Superieure d’Informatique (ESI) and other computer science programs should include accessibility as a core competency, not an elective topic.

Sources & Further Reading

• Algeria Law 02-09 on Protection of Persons with Disabilities (full text) — UN DESA
• UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)
• CRPD Article 9: Accessibility — UN DISD
• WHO Global Report on Health Equity for Persons with Disabilities (2023)
• WHO Fact Sheet: Disability and Health
• W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2
• WebAIM Million — 2025 Annual Accessibility Analysis
• EU European Accessibility Act (EAA)
• UK Public Sector Bodies Accessibility Regulations 2018
• UN Committee Review of Algeria’s CRPD Report (2018) — OHCHR
• Algeria Country Profile — Disability:IN
• axe Accessibility Testing Tool — Deque Systems