Tech Workers and Unionization: From the Alphabet Workers Union to the AI Ethics Walkouts

The End of Tech Exceptionalism

For decades, the technology industry operated under an implicit social contract: companies provided above-market compensation, campus-like offices, creative autonomy, and the sense that employees were building the future. In return, workers accepted long hours, on-call expectations, and the absence of collective bargaining that characterized every other major industry. “We don’t need unions,” the reasoning went. “We’re not factory workers. We’re knowledge workers. We’re valued.”

That social contract has cracked. Between 2022 and 2025, the technology industry laid off over 600,000 workers across companies including Google (12,000), Meta (21,000), Amazon (27,000), Microsoft (10,000), and hundreds of smaller firms. Many of these layoffs were announced via email, with affected employees locked out of systems within hours. Workers who had been told they were “family” discovered they were line items. Simultaneously, return-to-office (RTO) mandates from Amazon, Google, Apple, and others reversed the remote work flexibility that employees had come to regard as a permanent benefit. And the rapid deployment of AI systems raised existential questions: were companies building tools that would automate their own employees’ jobs?

Each of these factors — layoffs, RTO mandates, and AI anxiety — has accelerated tech worker organizing. The Alphabet Workers Union (AWU), formed in January 2021 as a minority union affiliated with the Communications Workers of America (CWA) Local 1400, has grown to approximately 1,400 members across Google and Alphabet subsidiaries. Amazon warehouse workers at the JFK8 facility in Staten Island voted to unionize in April 2022, forming the Amazon Labor Union (ALU) — which later affiliated with the International Brotherhood of Teamsters in June 2024, becoming ALU-IBT Local 1. Apple retail workers at the Towson Town Center store in Maryland became the first Apple Store in the US to unionize in June 2022, and ratified a historic first contract with Apple in August 2024. At Microsoft, the ZeniMax Workers United union (representing quality assurance testers at Bethesda parent company ZeniMax Studios) formed with Microsoft’s voluntary recognition in January 2023, marking the first recognized union at Microsoft and one of the first at any major US tech company.

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What Tech Unions Actually Do Differently

Tech unions are not simply transplanting industrial-era organizing models into office environments. They are developing new forms of collective action that reflect the specific conditions of knowledge work and the specific grievances of tech workers.

The Alphabet Workers Union pioneered the “minority union” model in tech. Unlike a traditional union that seeks to represent all workers at a company through a National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) election and negotiate a collective bargaining agreement, AWU operates as a voluntary association of dues-paying members (1% of total compensation) without formal recognition from the employer. This model sacrifices bargaining power for speed and flexibility: AWU was formed without an election, cannot negotiate contracts, but can organize campaigns, file complaints, and amplify worker voices on policy issues.

AWU’s campaigns have focused less on traditional bread-and-butter issues (wages, benefits, working conditions) and more on corporate ethics — opposing Google’s Project Nimbus (a $1.2 billion cloud contract with the Israeli government), challenging the company’s work with US Customs and Border Protection, protesting the firing of AI ethics researchers Timnit Gebru and Margaret Mitchell, and pushing for transparency in AI development. This ethics-focused organizing reflects a distinctive feature of tech worker activism: many tech employees are motivated not just by self-interest but by concerns about the social impact of their employers’ products.

The Amazon Labor Union, by contrast, follows a more traditional model. ALU’s demands center on wages ($30/hour starting pay), working conditions (air conditioning, break time, injury prevention), and job security — classic labor issues amplified by the intensity of Amazon’s warehouse operations. The ALU’s success at Staten Island was notable for being worker-led, though it has since affiliated with the Teamsters to gain the institutional resources needed for contract negotiations. Subsequent organizing efforts at other Amazon facilities have produced mixed results, with a second Staten Island warehouse voting against unionization in May 2022.

In gaming, the Game Workers Alliance at Activision Blizzard’s Raven Software (formed after allegations of sexual harassment and discrimination, certified by the NLRB in May 2022) and the ZeniMax union at Microsoft represent organizing driven by workplace culture issues — a pattern increasingly common in tech, where working conditions include crunch culture, harassment, and discrimination alongside the physical conditions that drive traditional organizing. The ZeniMax workers reached a tentative first contract with Microsoft in May 2025, and more than 2,000 Microsoft gaming professionals now belong to CWA unions.

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The European Dimension: Works Councils and Co-Determination

The tech unionization discussion is disproportionately US-centric, but the European model of worker representation may be more consequential for the global tech industry. European works councils — legally mandated employee representation bodies in companies with 50+ employees in most EU countries — give tech workers in Europe formal consultation rights that US tech workers can only achieve through unionization.

Under the European Works Council Directive, any company with 1,000+ employees across the EU and 150+ employees in at least two member states must establish a European Works Council (EWC) if employees request one. This applies to every major US tech company operating in Europe: Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Apple, Meta, and others. These works councils have the right to be informed and consulted on major business decisions — including layoffs, restructuring, and changes to working conditions.

The practical impact is significant. When Google announced layoffs in Europe in 2023, it was required to consult with works councils before executing them, resulting in a process that took months rather than the overnight terminations seen in the US. SAP, Europe’s largest tech company, has operated with works councils since its founding and reports that the consultation process, while slower, produces better-accepted decisions and lower post-restructuring turnover.

Germany’s co-determination model (Mitbestimmung) goes further: companies with 2,000+ employees must allocate half of their supervisory board seats to employee representatives. For US tech companies expanding in Germany — Google’s Berlin office, Amazon’s multiple German facilities, Microsoft’s German operations — this means employee voice is structurally embedded, not dependent on voluntary unionization. In Sweden, employees can elect two to three board members in companies with 25 or more employees, a framework that applies to tech companies headquartered there.

The EU’s Platform Work Directive, adopted by the Council in October 2024 and entered into force on December 1, 2024, represents another major vector of labor regulation directly affecting tech companies like Uber, Deliveroo, and Glovo. The directive establishes a legal presumption of employment for platform workers meeting certain criteria, and member states must transpose it into national law by December 2026. When fully implemented, the directive will extend employment protections and collective bargaining rights to millions of workers currently classified as independent contractors across the EU.

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Will Unionization Reshape the Industry?

The skeptical view is that tech unionization will remain marginal. Private sector union density in the US stands at 5.9% — a record low — and even the most successful tech organizing efforts have enrolled a tiny fraction of total tech workers. The Alphabet Workers Union’s approximately 1,400 members represent less than 1% of Alphabet’s 190,000+ global workforce. Amazon’s Staten Island union has not succeeded in replicating its victory at other facilities. Apple’s store-level unions cover a handful of retail locations. The vast majority of tech workers — particularly well-compensated software engineers at major companies — have shown little interest in joining unions, viewing their individual bargaining power (the ability to switch jobs for a raise) as more effective than collective action.

The bullish view argues that tech unionization is following the same trajectory as earlier labor movements: slow initial organizing followed by rapid expansion once a critical mass of workers and a triggering crisis converge. The argument is that the next major round of AI-driven layoffs — potentially displacing hundreds of thousands of tech workers in the late 2020s — will be the catalyst that transforms tech worker organizing from a niche movement to an industry-wide force. Proponents point to the rapid expansion of organizing at Starbucks (over 500 stores unionized by late 2024, exceeding 600 by mid-2025) as evidence that once the cultural barrier to organizing breaks, expansion can be swift.

The most likely near-term scenario is a bifurcated landscape: formal unions in logistics, retail, gaming QA, and other lower-compensation tech-adjacent roles, combined with informal collective action (walkouts, open letters, social media campaigns) among higher-paid knowledge workers who use the threat of organizing — and the pressure of public opinion — without seeking formal union recognition. This informal model is already the dominant form of tech worker activism: Google’s 2018 walkout over sexual harassment (20,000 employees across 50 cities) achieved policy changes without a union, including Google ending forced arbitration for employees. The question is whether informal action can sustain pressure over time or whether it dissipates as news cycles move on.

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Sources & Further Reading

• Layoffs.fyi – Tech Layoff Tracker
• Alphabet Workers Union – CWA
• Amazon Labor Union Votes to Ratify Teamsters Affiliation – Teamsters
• ZeniMax Workers United Reach Historic Tentative Agreement – CWA
• EU Platform Work Directive – European Council
• BLS Union Membership Annual Report 2025
• Workers at Apple Store in Towson First to Unionize – Maryland Matters
• Google Walkout 2018 – Wikipedia